영어 스낵 모의고사

Managers of natural resources typically face market incentives that provide financial rewards for exploitation. Forexample, owners of forest lands have a market incentive to cut down trees rather than manage the forest for carbon capture, wildlife habitat, flood protection, and other ecosystem services. These services provide the owner with no financial benefits, and thus are unlikely to influence management decisions. But the economic benefits provided by these services, based on their non-market values, may exceed the economic value of the timber. For example, a United Nations initiative has estimated that the economic benefits of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests, including climate regulation, water purification, and erosion prevention, are over three times greater per hectare than the market benefits. Thus cutting down the trees is economically inefficient, and markets are not sending the correct “signal” to favor ecosystem services over extractive uses.

György Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.

Regulations covering scientific experiments on human subjects are strict. Subjects must give their informed, written consent, and experimenters must submit their proposed experiments to thorough examination by overseeing bodies. Scientists who experiment on themselves can, functionally if not legally, avoid the restrictions ① associated with experimenting on other people. They can also sidestep most of the ethical issues involved: nobody, presumably, is more aware of an experiment’s potential hazards than the scientist who devised ② it. Nonetheless, experimenting on oneself remains ③ deeply problematic. One obvious drawback is the danger involved; knowing that it exists ④ does nothing to reduce it. A less obvious drawback is the limited range of data that the experiment can generate. Human anatomy and physiology vary, in small but significant ways, according to gender, age, lifestyle, and other factors. Experimental results derived from a single subject are, therefore, of limited value; there is no way to know ⑤ what the subject’s responses are typical or atypical of the response of humans as a group.

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. ( ① ) Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. ( ② ) Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. ( ③ ) Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial ar m to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. ( ④ ) To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. ( ⑤ ) Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.